1.
Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page
by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related.
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2.
Biocontrol Of Caecal Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Nadeem Afzal, M | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of two types of monovalent . tenella vaccines i.e. Formalin treated . tenella oocysts for 48 (FEV-48) and/or 96 (FEV-96) hours and irradiated . tenella vaccine. For estimation of the efficacy of the said vaccines, OPG counts weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 105 day-old broilers were equally divided into 5 different groups namely; A, B, C, D and E on day 3, each group comprising of 21 chicks. NDV vaccine was administered on day land 21 of age of chicks of all the groups. Group A acted as non-infected control, B as infected control, C was vaccinated with FEV-48, D was vaccinated with FEV-96 and E was vaccinated with 1EV on day 3 and 10 of age. Spread of contaminated faeces over the bedding with . tenella oocysts was commenced on day 12 upto day 17 of age of chicks. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 52.
The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all the control (infected) and test groups. In group B, 222200 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 5300 on day 50 followed by zero on day 52. Group C (FEV-48) showed 131400 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 100 OPG on day 38 followed by '0' afterwards and showing significant differences from the control (P < 0.05). Group D showed gradual decline like infected control upto day 34, but ironically on days 38 and 42, 196.3% and 376.4% increase was noted, respectively as compared to group B, which again declined by day 50 with significant difference. In group E the first observation showed 119460. OPG counts which abruptly declined to 75 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. Groups C and E showed comparable results.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D and E gained 31%, 14%, 11.83% and 10.92% greater weights than group B. The FCR in ranked order was shown as A, C, E, D and B, showing the efficacy of FEV-48. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D and E as 4 (19%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.76%) and 3 (14.28%), respectively.
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3.
Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)
by Anjum Mahmood | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and taxonomy of the gastro-intestinal tract helminths in 200 sparrows that were naturally parasitized. In addition, the blood examination was carried out to record the effect of worm infestation on different blood parameters namely Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, Total leukocyte count (TLC), Packed cell volume (PCV) and Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and these values were compared with the normal values.
Two hundred sparrows purchased from the market were kept in cages in Parasitology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The birds were slaughtered at due intervals. Blood was collected and gastro-intestinal tract was searched for the collection and identification of the helminthic species.
The results revealed that out of 200 sparrows, 120 had the worm infestation, showing an overall incidence as 60%. The worms collected were subjected to the taxonomical study which was carried out in the laboratory of PaLrasitology Section.
Two species namely Ascaridia galli (36%) and Heterakis gallinarum (24%) were found inhabiting the small intestine and caeca of the infested birds, respectively. No trematodes and cestodal species were recorded from the GIT of these experimental sparrows. Blood examination revealed slight increase in TLC and Heterophils, while basophils and monocytes were not affected. However, Hb levels, PCV and lymphocytes showed decrease resulting into anaemia and retarded growth of the affected birds versus non-infected ones.
The eggs per gram (EPG) ranged between 200-1000 in case of Ascaridia galli and 400-1000 in Heterakis gallinarum infestation in naturally parasitized sparrows. The main EPG count recorded was 516.666 and 660.41 in case of Ascardia galli and Heterakis gallinarum infestation, respectively.
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4.
Study On Ticks And Haemoparasitic Diseases Of Local And Cross Bred Cattle In Malakand Agency
by Nazir Ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Ticks infestation and piroplasmosis are serious problems of domestic cattle. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalent species of ticks and the piroplasms transmitted by these ticks. The effect of ticks and blood parasites on various blood parameters was also studied. The parameters included: RBC count, WBC count, Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) and differential leukocytic count (DLC). The study was conducted from June to August, 2001.
A total of 80 cattle (40 local nondiscript cattle and 40 crossbred) were selected. Each type was divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D. The cattle of group-A were free from any infestation/infection. The animals of group B were only tick infested. Animals of group-C were only piroplasm infected and the animals of group-D were infested with ticks and the piroplasms. Each group from both the breeds consisted of 10 animals.
Haemotological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in TEC, Hb and TLC in groups B, C and D as compared to group-A relating to each breed.
The lymphocytes were decreased from normal in all test groups in both the breeds, significantly. However, neutrophil and eosinophils were increased significantly in test groups as compared to control group (A). The values of erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) showed a significant increase in groups B, C and D of both types of cattle as compared to the control group (A).
The overall results showed that the effect of mixed infection on haematology was greater than the single infection of ticks or piroplasm.
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5.
Prevalence Of Pediculosis In Government Primary School Children Of Lahore
by Sadia Chaudhry | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Ghazala Nadeem.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pediculosis capitis is endemic parasite affecting many areas of the world. The objectives of my studies was to record prevalence of head lice in school children in Lahore.
A total of 500 primary school children examined for the prevalence of Pediculus capitis, aged 7-11 years and above. The child was declared as infected person if any head lice were detected either in the form of live or dead eggs, or nits.
The following characteristics were recorded for each child such as the sex, age, monthly income, family size, , pet ownership, parents' education, number of siblings, frequency of hair washing and presence or absence of social security of the family were recorded for all children
Pediculosis capitis was recorded in 387 (77%) children. The prevalence of head lice infestation was significantly more in girls (85%) than in boys (52%).
Among school girls, the head lice infestation rates in Low, Middle and High socio-economic groups were 96%, 85% and 71% respectively. Among school boys, the prevalence of head lice rates in Low, Middle and High socio-economic groups were 60%, 50% and 36% respectively.
Children of age 9-10 years and those age 11 years exhibited a significantly low prevalence than those of age 7-8 years.
Some variables were found to be significantly related to head lice infestation such as sex, pet ownership, age, parent's education level and hair length. This study shows that major factor influencing the occurrence of Pediculosis is socio-economic status among school children of both sexes (male and female) in the Lahore.
The results of this study was shows that the prevalence of head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is high in Lahore, and is found in all investigated schools regardless of personal hygiene and socio-economic status.
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6.
Prevelance Of Intesrinal Parasitosis Among Children At Day Care Centers Of Lahors In Reation To Socio- Economic Srarus
by Amera Batool | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Some intestinal parasitosis pathogen have potential is well known, many of them not shows symptoms, due to the body immunity and climatic element (Vinayak et al. 1990). While other shows like B. hominis and C. parvum. Persistent and acute diarrhea has been linked with the Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba / dispar, a protozoa having alike character with E. histolytica which is a not involve in causing diseases but proved symbiotic association in gut, not harms the other.
Children up to age of 3 years commonly found with anemia and iron deficiency due to malnutrition caused by high prevalence of parasitosis. (Kapur et al., 2001)
Cryptosporidium parvum within age of 5 years children gave highest prevalence rates in a community, among different parasites (Palmer & Biffin 1990). Cryptosporidium spp have been causative agent of persistent and acute diarrhea in many research works (Lima et al. 1992).
In developing countries intestinal parasitosis infection is a major health issue by promote health standards and controlling the carriers or vector, most countries have successfully reduced the rates of infestation. However, in developing countries geographic, socio-economic factors and natural calamity increase the health problems. Countries, which are geographically located in hot and humid areas along with poverty, unavailability of clean water, malnutrition, and high population density provide maximum chances for the development and high intestinal parasitic risk. Because of lack of sufficient research and attention of infectious and parasitic diseases in developing countries is the main problem hurdle to eliminating the risk of parasitic infestation.( Sayyari et al.,2005)
Pakistan estimated the intestinal parasitosis as the important public health problem. In developing countries intestinal parasitosis infection is a major health issue by promote health standards and controlling the carriers or vector, most countries have successfully reduced the rates of infestation. However, in developing countries geographic, socio-economic factors and natural calamity increase the health problems. Intestinal parasitosis is most familiar in children due to lack of hygienic condition. Physiologist and medical specialists are recommended that parasitosis infections delay children's growth, malnutrition, lost the opportunities of education and development. The under study carried out to record the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis within children at day care centers of Lahore and also to relate environmental factors with socio-economic status.
The basic purpose for collection of stool specimens were to examined the parasitic eggs, cysts, and larvae, by different methods like fresh smears method and Scotch tape method. Trophozoites of amoeba were examined in fresh smears. Oxyure eggs were seen in Scotch tape slides. The parasitic size was measured by ocular micrometry method. Formaline ether concentrate method was being done for finding cysts (Machado,1999 ; Lotphy 1990). Socio- economic and environmental factors were also is studied.
Of 174 children 56 children studies positive for parasitosis, 96 were males and 78 females. One or more intestinal parasites were identified in 40 (22.9% children) the most pravelent parasite were E. vermicularis 9.19% G. lamblia 6.89% E.histolytica 5.17% A.lumbricoides 2.87% H.nana 1.14% T. saginata1.72% T.trichiura 4.59% and E.coli 0.57% showed a low infection respectively
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7.
Prasitic Contamination Of Vegetables Eaten Raw In Lahore
by Shafa-ul-Haq | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fresh vegetables are important part of human diet. Eating raw vegetable is customary in many parts of the world including Pakistan, but these raw vegetables can be a major source of parasites. A parasitic survey on vegetables collected from major markets in Lahore was conducted for the discovery of human and animal parasites. Ten species of vegetables: beet (Beta vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica denceal), carrot (Davcus carota) chili (Capsicum frutecense), coriander (Corriandum sativum) cucumber (Cucumis sativa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Mint (Mentha viridis), radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun) were evaluated in this study. Fifty samples of each vegetable were taken, comprising a total of 500 samples for the study.
Hundred gram of each vegetable was washed with a cationic solution of Hyamin detergent containing glass particles for the elution of eggs. Concentration of eggs/cysts was achieved by centrifugal sedimentation technique at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes. Sediment was examined under microscope for the presence of parasite eggs, cysts and larvae.
Examination of vegetables revealed twelve genera of parasites. All vegetables were highly contaminated with parasites with an overall prevalence of 31.2%. Of parasites studied, Ascaris eggs found to be the highest (37.1%), followed by Hook worm(10.8%) and Trichostrongyloides sp.(8.9%), while the least common parasite was Toxoplasma gondii (1.9%).
Lettuce showed the highest contamination (48%), followed by Cabbage (44%) and Mint (podina) (42%) while chili showed the least contamination (16%).
The results would seem to indicate that one of the important routes of parasitic infection is due to consumption of raw and unwashed vegetables. So, enlightenment programs for the public on necessity of food sanitation and personal hygiene should be intensified.
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8.
Isolation Of Local Strain Of Toxoplasma Gondii Through In-Vivo Cultivation In Mice
by Rahim Gul | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate apicomplexan, intracellular, parasite that infects all warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals and birds. Human beings can be infected by ingestion of oocysts from cat faeces or through the consumption of meat containing Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Thus, food animals can be the source of transmission of Toxoplasmosis in human population especially among people who consume undercooked meat in the forms of barbecues, beef steaks, kebabs, burgers and shawarmas. Oocysts of T. gondii from cat faeces were identified by using direct microscopy and flotation technique. The positive oocysts were confirmed by micrometry having diameter of 9-13 ìm. The oocysts were then sporulated in aerated condition. After sporulation oocyst were inoculated in Swiss albino mice for in-vivo culturing. After 56-70 days brain tissue was collected from infected mice and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Similarly DNA was also extracted from sporulated oocyst for copro-PCR. Out of 200 faecal samples only three were found positive for Toxoplasma gondii through direct microscopic examination and flotation technique. From positive faecal sample and brain tissue DNA was extracted by QIAGEN mini stool kit and QIAGEN DNA mini kit. After DNA extraction the samples were examined through PCR by using specific Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene primer having 529 bp size. Two hundred faecal samples were examined for T. gondii using direct microscopy, flotation technique, bioassay and polymerase chain reaction. Out of 200 samples 3 (1.5%) were found infected through direct microscopy and flotation technique. Toxoplasmosis was more prevalent in adult cats (1.65%) as compared to young ones. Prevalence was also found high in females (2.08%) as compared to males. Similarly healthy cats have higher prevalence rate (1.30%) as compared to diseased ones. A further confirmation was done through polymerase chain reaction and brain tissue cyst Bioassay give 1 positive amplification while Copro-PCR gives 2 positive amplifications. Therefore it can be concluded that the copro-PCR is can be used for the confirmation of Toxoplasma oocysts from cat faeces and tissue cysts from bioassay in mice. Therefore, we propose that the copro-PCR can be used as the new gold standard for determining potential cat infectivity and tissue cysts from bioassayed mice or contaminated meat samples of livestock.
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9.
Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Chickens Raised Under Different Poultry Production System In Muzaffar Garh Area
by Muhammad Jamil Manzoor Daha (2012-VA-823) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Mr. Shahid Abbas.
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Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the most effective and economical source of animal protein in shortest possible time, but still it is unable to narrow down the animal protein supply and demand gap because of increasing future demands. Roundworms can cause a reduction in growth rate and damage to the intestinal mucosa, leading to blood loss and secondary infection. Heavily infected chickens may show symptoms of weight loss, droopiness, and diarrhea. Economic losses are usually associated with ascarid, Heterakis, and Capillaria, infections because of treatment cost, as well as the reduction in feed efficiency and weight gain as well as drop in egg production.
Fecal samples were collected from poultry birds in different production systems , in and around district Muzaffar Garh and samples were examined by using the direct smear method, flotation technique and simple sedimentation technique. Adult worms load were examined by necropsy of dead birds fortnightly. Post mortem of dead birds during study was examined for presence of nematodes in gastro intestinal tract fortnightly from each enrolled shed in the study. The samples of adult worm found were collected for identification.
During the present study four species of nematodes were identified. Ascardia galli was recovered from the small intestine, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti from the caecae . The most common gastrointestinal nematode was Ascaridia galli followed by Subulura brumpti and Heterakis gallinae. The present study has indicated that good husbandry techniques and regular deworming practices reflect markedly on the incidence and worm – burden of infected chickens Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2346-T] (1).
10.
Evaluation Of Adulticidal And Larvicidal Efficacy Of Zadirachta Indica (Neem) And Lantana Camara (Punch Phul) Extracts
by Asemah Anwar | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Pakistan is one of sub-tropical countries and its climatic conditions favor parasitic diseases along with disease vectors including mosquitoes. Mosquitoes of genus Aedes are causing Dengue fever. It has become one of infectious vector born disease of world. Annually it is striking around 100 million people with dengue fever and about 5 Lac people with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), resulting in 5 % deaths per year. Current study was conducted to evaluate efficacies of plant extracts against dengue fever mosquitoes of Aedes genus. Study target was to search some safer alternates than that of chemical pesticides. Also exhibiting characteristics like less toxic to environment, do not induce resistance in mosquitoes, do not harm non-targeted organisms, would not be toxic to human beings and will have biodegradation ability. Study has evaluated indigenous plants extracts as potent larvicidal and adulticidal materials.
Mosquitoes were collected from different areas of Lahore and they were identified upto genus level only Aedes genus was identified upto species level, then Aedes aegypti was reared in laboratory to have F 1 generation, to have mosquitoes and larvae for testing the activity of plant extracts. Plant materials were collected from different areas of Lahore. Methanolic extracts of seeds and leaves of Azadirachta indica and lantana camara respectively, were extracted accordingly. Stock solutions were prepared from these extracts and then out of this serial dilutions were made. Experiment was performed in four groups A, B, C & D for both adults and larvae. Each group was representing total of 25 larvae/adult out of which one was kept untreated
as negative control, one with deltamethrin as positive control while two were provided with test concentrations.
LC50 and LC90 was determined by Probit analysis, using SPSS version 13.0 SPSS inc. 2004. lethal concentrations of A. indica mosquitocidal assay were LC50=30.44 mg/l and LC90=62.36 mg/l after 24 hrs and LC50=-9.87mg/l and LC90=59.102 mg/l after 48 hrs at ?= 0.05. X 2 value was significant for 24 h while for 48 h it was not significant. Maximum mortality observed after 24 and 48 hrs is 99% at 70 ppm. DMR test shows after 24 hrs., all treatment means are significantlt different from each other, from control and from mean of insecticide's mortality, control is significantly lower while insecticide treated group has significantly higher than rest.
after 48 hrs. treatments were significantly different from each other while treatment mortality at 70 PPM is significantly higher than insecticide treated group and rest.
Lethal concentrations for L. camara adulticidal assay were LC50=60.40 mg/l and LC90=113.61 mg/l after 24 hrs and LC50=48.20 mg/l and LC90=79.31 mg/l after 48 hrs at ?= 0.05. X 2 value was not significant at 24 h and is significant at 48 h. DMR test after 24 hrs. treatment, control and insecticide treated were significantly different from each while insecticide treated group has significantly higher than rest. After 48 hrs 4 and 5 treatment groups were found significantly higher than rest
Larvicidal assay of A. indica has shown LC50 =52.36 mg/ l and LC90=105.42 mg/ l after 24 h and LC50 =80.70 mg/l and LC90=145.73 mg/ l after 48 h at ?= 0.05. X2 values for both 24h and 48h were not significant. DMR test after 24 hrs. insecticide treated was significantly lower than all above treatment groups. Treatment group 7 has significantly higher mortality than all other. After 48 hrs. there was not any significant difference.
Lethal concentrations for L. camara LC50 =100.76 mg/100 ml and LC90=198.22 mg/100 ml at24 h and LC50 =61.27 mg/100 ml and LC90= 122.45mg/100 ml after 48 h at ?= 0.05. X2 value for both 24h and 48h was not significant. DMR test after 24 hrs. shows insecticide treated group i.e. 8 is significantly lower than all treatment groups except 1 which is at lowest treatment. After 48 4, 5 and 6 had came to same activity level no significant difference was found and were higher than all others.
Conclusion:
Hence it is concluded that crude plant extracts can act as potential Adulticide / Mosquitocide and Larvicides, though these are required in higher concentrations than that of synthetic insecticides and purified botanical products, but they have advantage of posssessing less resistance presentation and safe for aquatic life. It is also concluded that chemical insecticide used i.e. Deltamethrin has higher efficacy as adulticidal with drastic effects on environment and other beneficial insects. But it was found least effective as larvicidal compared to crude plants extracts. It is suggested that plant extracts can prove a better, safer and cheaper alternate these should consider as a better alternate to control most lethal disease of present time i.e. Dengue fever by eradicating its vector i.e. Aedes aegypti mosquito.
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11.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Trypanosomiasis In Pet Dogs Of Lahore
by Muhammad Asif (2007-VA-460) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
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Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Trypanosomaevansiis a protozoa that causes surrain a wide variety of mammals. It is widely reported in adult dogs (Rashid et al. 2008; Defontis et al. 2012). Trypanosoma evansiis utmostcommonlyexisting trypanosome in animals. It is a salivarian pathogen (Hoare. 1972). Stomoxyand Tabanidssppare menifested as mainvectors universally. Oral spreadis also reported in both wild and domestic animals (Adams and Lionnet. 1983). Since 2008, surra became obligatory not only in horses, because it has been considered as a multi-species disease by the OIE (OIE. 2008; Salim et al. 2011). Surra usually follows an acute course of infection in dogs, though it is sporadically prevalent (Ravindran et al. 2008). Outbreaks of canine trypanosomiasis have been reported in India, Iran,Brazil, and South America (Herrera et al. 2004; Morteza et al. 2007; Umezawa et al. 2009). Trypanosomaevansionly has been reported from subcontinent (Ravindran et al. 2008).
Causative agent for American trypanosomiasis is Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and African trypanosomiasis (surra or sleeping sickness) whose causative agent isTrypanosomaevansi(T.evansi).These are two forms of canine trypanosomiasis.It was originally an enzootic disease mingling in mammals and birds, which served as areservoir. The disease became zoonotic due to interaction between rural populations and natural foci, which are the results of biologicalinequity (Johns et al. 2000). Peracute to acute infections due to trypanosome result in high temperature, hemorrhages in the mucosal and serosal sides. Anemic condition of the patient is produced due to loss of RBCsfrom circulationby the mononuclear phagocytic system which is the cardinal feature of trypanosome infection.In chronic infections, anemia may be resolved due to little parasitic load in blood at capricious degrees. (Urquhart et al. 2002).
Some note able signs may compriseedema of throat and head, Blindness due corneal opacity, Temperature and anorexia. Larynx may alter the voice of the dog due edema, which can complicate with rabies. Infected dogs are considered as a risk factor in household spread of the Chagas disease in humans (Cohen and Gurtler.2001).
In native animals, dogs have the flankingassociation with humans; they may assumedconsiderable epidemiological importance in the perspective of public health and zoonosis. In humans,T.evansiproduce chronic pathological changes, which includes congestive cardiac insufficiency, finding of which isproblematic and can be unexploited due to multisystemic nature of the infection; it increases the need for epidemiological and experimental support. Moreover, causative agent of trypanosomiasis must beconfirmed by laboratory analysis, which can make availablesignificantprovisionwhen using suitable techniques, suitable reagents, and subsequent good laboratory practices (Eloy & Lucheis. 2009).
There has been development of several compounds with value against canine trypanosomiasis, however none of these products have been produced in a large commercial scale or even accessible in the market. The apparent inaccessibility of new trypanocides in the market have continued a great challenge to the treatment of the infection. Diminazine aceturate dose of 3.5 mg/kg in T.congolense infection; 7 mg/kg inT. brucei andT. evansi(Aquinos. 2007) has shown efficacy when used to treat canine trypanosomiasis.However, treatment does not provide satisfactoryresults but only sustained the life of the dog for some reasonable period (Amora. 2004).
Dogs were vaccinated with a fixed T.rangeli against canine trypanosomiasis recently (Basso et al. 2007). Experimental infections of the vaccinated dog produced disease of low parasitaemia apparently from vaccine induced immunity. Furthermore, feeding of the vaccinated dogs with the nymph stage of triatomine reduced the rate of infection in the bugs. Since dogs are the reservoir of Chagas disease in man, advances in this area could reduce the rate of infection of kissing bug which will in turn aid in the control of the disease in man (Basso et al. 2007) are necessary to establish the diagnosis.Sensitivity of direct parasitological examination is directly related to parasitic burden, biological material.
The diagnosis oftrypanosomiasis is based on combination of comprehensive clinical inspection, appropriate sample collection, sample size, suitable diagnostic tests and suitable conduction of tests and logical interpretation of results. In canine trypanosomiasis where disease prevalence is great, some tests of low diagnostic sensitivity may suffice (OIE. 2008). Parasitological diagnosis could be made by microscopic inspection either of blood, lymph node or CSF of infected dogs (François et al. 2005).
Pet dogs have been the companion of human being since ages, and shares the environment and belongings. Trypanosoma is found in dogs causing health problems effecting their routine activities. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of the infection is must to do for better therapeutic approach and early recovery of the animal. PCR is gold standard test for the molecular diagnosis of disease leading to quick diagnosis, early recovery and cost saving. So, regarding to disease importance and dogs domestications which is increasing day by day in and around Lahore area, we have focused this species to determine the Trypanosoma evansistatus in dogs in this area. This whole study is based on two diagnostic techniques i.e. screening through microscopic examination and confirmation of these samples via PCR with details regarding age, sex and breed association with the disease.
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